Acknowledgments. . . . . viii
About the Authors . . . . . ix
Introduction The Even You Can Learn Statistics Owners Manual. . . . xi
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Statistics . . . . . 1
1.1 The First Three Words of Statistics. . . . . . . 2
1.2 The Fourth and Fifth Words . . . . 4
1.3 The Branches of Statistics . . . . . 5
1.4 Sources of Data . . . . . 6
1.5 Sampling Concepts . . . . 7
1.6 Sample Selection Methods. . . . . 9
Chapter 2 Presenting Data in Charts and Tables. . . . . 19
2.1 Presenting Categorical Variables. . . . . . 19
2.2 Presenting Numerical Variables. . . . .. 26
2.3 Misusing Charts. . . . . 32
Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics . . . . 43
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency . . . . 43
3.2 Measures of Position. . . . . 47
3.3 Measures of Variation. . . . . . 51
3.4 Shape of Distributions . . . . . 57
Chapter 4 Probability . . . . . . 71
4.1 Events. . . . . . 71
4.2 More Definitions . . . . . . 72
4.3 Some Rules of Probability . . . . . 74
4.4 Assigning Probabilities . . . . 77
Chapter 5 Probability Distributions . . . . 83
5.1 Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables . . .. . 83
5.2 The Binomial and Poisson Probability Distributions. . . . 89
5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions and the Normal Distribution . . . 97
5.4 The Normal Probability Plot. . . . . 105
Chapter 6 Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals . . . . 119
6.1 Sampling Distributions. . . . . . . 119
6.2 Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals. . . . . . 123
6.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Using the t Distribution (o Unknown) . . . . . 127
6.4 Confidence Interval Estimation for Categorical Variables. .. . . 131
Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing . . . 141
7.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses. . . . . . 141
7.2 Hypothesis Testing Issues . . . . . 143
7.3 Decision-Making Risks . . . . . . . 145
7.4 Performing Hypothesis Testing . . . . . 147
7.5 Types of Hypothesis Tests . . . . 148
Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing: Z and t Tests . . . . 153
8.1 Testing for the Difference Between Two Proportions. . . . . . 153
8.2 Testing for the Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Groups .. . . . . . 160
8.3 The Paired t Test . . . . . 166
Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing: Chi-Square Tests and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). . . . . .179
9.1 Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Cross-Classification Tables . . . . . 179
9.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Testing for the Differences Among the Means of More Than Two Groups . . . . 186
Chapter 10 Simple Linear Regression . . . . . ..207
10.1 Basics of Regression Analysis . . . . . . . 208
10.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression Equation . . . . . . 209
10.3 Measures of Variation . . . . . . 217
10.4 Regression Assumptions. . . . . . . . . 222
10.5 Residual Analysis. . . . . . .223
10.6 Inferences About the Slope. . . . . 225
10.7 Common Mistakes Using Regression Analysis . . . . . 228
Chapter 11 Multiple Regression . . . . . ..245
11.1 The Multiple Regression Model . . . . . 245
11.2 Coefficient of Multiple Determination. . . . . . 248
11.3 The Overall F test. . . . . . . 249
11.4 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . 250
11.5 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients . . . . 251
Chapter 12 Quality and Six Sigma Applications of Statistics . . . . 265
12.1 Total Quality Management . . . . . 265
12.2 Six Sigma. . . . . . . 267
12.3 Control Charts . . . . . 268
12.4 The p Chart. . . . . . .271
12.5 The Parable of the Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process Variability . . . . . . . . 276
12.6 Variables Control Charts for the Mean and Range . . . . . 278
Appendix A Calculator and Spreadsheet Operation and Configuration . . . . ..295
A.C1 Calculator Operation Conventions ...... 295
A.C2 Calculator Technical Configuration ...... 297
A.C3 Using the A2MULREG Program ...... 298
A.C4 Using TI Connect ...... 298
A.S1 Spreadsheet Operation Conventions ..... 299
A.S2 Spreadsheet Technical Configurations..... 299
Appendix B Review of Arithmetic and Algebra . . . . .301
Assessment Quiz . . . . . . 301
Symbols. . . . . 304
Answers to Quiz. . . . . . . 310
Appendix C Statistical Tables . . . 311
Appendix D Spreadsheet Tips. . . . . . ..339
CT: Chart Tips . . . . . 339
FT: Function Tips . . . . .341
ATT: Analysis ToolPak Tips (Microsoft Excel only). . . . .343
Appendix E Advanced Techniques. . . . . . 347
E.1 Using PivotTables to Create Two-Way Cross-Classification Tables . . . . 347
E.2 Using the FREQUENCY Function to Create Frequency Distributions. . . . . . . 349
E.3 Calculating Quartiles . . . . . . 350
E.4 Using the LINEST Function to Calculate Regression Results. . . . . 351
Appendix F Documentation for Downloadable Files . . . . 353
F.1 Downloadable Data Files . . . . . . 353
F.2 Downloadable Spreadsheet Solution Files. . . . . . 357
Glossary . . . . ..359
Index . . . . .367
