1 Materials for Engineering 1
1.1 The Material World 1
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2
1.3 Six Materials That Changed Your World 3
STEEL BRIDGES-INTRODUCING METALS 3
LUCALOX LAMPS-INTRODUCING CERAMICS 5
OPTICAL FIBERS-INTRODUCING GLASSES 9
NYLON PARACHUTES-INTRODUCING POLYMERS 11
KEVLAR (R)-REINFORCED TIRES-INTRODUCING
COMPOSITES 13
SILICON CHIPS-INTRODUCING SEMICONDUCTORS 14
1.4 Processing and Selecting Materials 15
1.5 Looking at Materials by Powers of Ten 17
PART I The Fundamentals
2 Atomic Bonding 22
2.1 Atomic Structure 22
2.2 The Ionic Bond 28
COORDINATION NUMBER 32
2.3 The Covalent Bond 39
2.4 The Metallic Bond 45
2.5 The Secondary, or van der Waals, Bond 47
2.6 Materials-The Bonding Classification 50
3 Crystalline Structure-Perfection 58
3.1 Seven Systems and Fourteen Lattices 58
3.2 Metal Structures 62
3.3 Ceramic Structures 66
3.4 Polymeric Structures 74
3.5 Semiconductor Structures 76
3.6 Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes 80
3.7 X-Ray Diffraction 92
4 Crystal Defects and Noncrystalline
Structure-Imperfection 102
4.1 The Solid Solution-Chemical Imperfection 102
4.2 Point Defects-Zero-Dimensional
Imperfections 108
4.3 Linear Defects, or Dislocations-One-Dimensional
Imperfections 110
4.4 Planar Defects-Two-Dimensional
Imperfections 113
4.5 Noncrystalline Solids-Three-Dimensional
Imperfections 118
5 Diffusion 126
5.1 Thermally Activated Processes 126
5.2 Thermal Production of Point Defects 130
5.3 Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion 132
5.4 Steady-State Diffusion 142
5.5 Alternate Diffusion Paths 146
6 Mechanical Behavior 152
6.1 Stress Versus Strain 152
METALS 153
CERAMICS AND GLASSES 164
POLYMERS 168
6.2 Elastic Deformation 173
6.3 Plastic Deformation 174
6.4 Hardness 181
6.5 Creep and Stress Relaxation 185
6.6 Viscoelastic Deformation 193
INORGANIC GLASSES 194
ORGANIC POLYMERS 196
ELASTOMERS 199
7 Thermal Behavior 210
7.1 Heat Capacity 210
7.2 Thermal Expansion 213
7.3 Thermal Conductivity 216
7.4 Thermal Shock 221
8 Failure Analysis and Prevention 227
8.1 Impact Energy 228
8.2 Fracture Toughness 233
8.3 Fatigue 237
8.4 Nondestructive Testing 246
8.5 Failure Analysis and Prevention 249
9 Phase Diagrams-Equilibrium
Microstructural Development 257
9.1 The Phase Rule 258
9.2 The Phase Diagram 261
COMPLETE SOLID SOLUTION 262
EUTECTIC DIAGRAM WITH NO SOLID SOLUTION 265
EUTECTIC DIAGRAM WITH LIMITED SOLID SOLUTION 267
EUTECTOID DIAGRAM 269
PERITECTIC DIAGRAM 271
GENERAL BINARY DIAGRAMS 275
9.3 The Lever Rule 281
9.4 Microstructural Development During Slow
Cooling 285
10 Kinetics-Heat Treatment 304
10.1 Time-The Third Dimension 304
10.2 The T T T Diagram 309
DIFFUSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 310
DIFFUSIONLESS (MARTENSITIC) TRANSFORMATIONS 311
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL 316
10.3 Hardenability 324
10.4 Precipitation Hardening 327
10.5 Annealing 330
COLD WORK 331
RECOVERY 331
RECRYSTALLIZATION 332
GRAIN GROWTH 334
10.6 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for
Nonmetals 335
PART II Materials and Their
Applications
11 Structural Materials-Metals,
Ceramics, and Glasses 348
11.1 Metals 348
FERROUS ALLOYS 348
NONFERROUS ALLOYS 355
11.2 Ceramics and Glasses 359
CERAMICS-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 360
GLASSES-NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 361
GLASS-CERAMICS 363
11.3 Processing the Structural Materials 365
PROCESSING OF METALS 366
PROCESSING OF CERAMICS AND GLASSES 372
12 Structural Materials-Polymers
and Composites 381
12.1 Polymers 381
POLYMERIZATION 382
STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF POLYMERS 387
THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS 391
THERMOSETTING POLYMERS 392
ADDITIVES 394
12.2 Composites 396
FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 396
AGGREGATE COMPOSITES 403
PROPERTY AVERAGING 405
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES 411
12.3 Processing the Structural Materials 416
PROCESSING OF POLYMERS 416
PROCESSING OF COMPOSITES 417
13 Electronic Materials 426
13.1 Charge Carriers and Conduction 427
13.2 Energy Levels and Energy Bands 431
13.3 Conductors 437
THERMOCOUPLES 440
SUPERCONDUCTORS 441
13.4 Insulators 449
13.5 Semiconductors 451
INTRINSIC, ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS 452
EXTRINSIC, ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS 457
COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 469
PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTORS 472
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 476
13.6 Composites 485
13.7 Electrical Classification of Materials 485
14 Materials in Engineering Design 493
14.1 Material Properties-Engineering Design
Parameters 493
14.2 Selection of Structural Materials-Case
Studies 498
MATERIALS FOR WINDSURFER MASTS 499
METAL SUBSTITUTION WITH COMPOSITES 503
MATERIALS FOR HIP-JOINT REPLACEMENT 503
14.3 Selection of Electronic Materials-Case
Studies 506
AMORPHOUS METAL FOR ELECTRIC-POWER
DISTRIBUTION 507
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE 511
14.4 Materials and Our Environment 514
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS 514
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN 523
RECYCLING 526
APPENDIX ONE
Physical and Chemical Data
for the Elements A-1
APPENDIX TWO
Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements A-4
APPENDIX THREE
Constants and Conversion Factors A-7
APPENDIX FOUR
Properties of the Structural Materials A-8
APPENDIX FIVE
Properties of the Electronic Materials A-17
APPENDIX SIX
Glossary A-20
Answers to Practice Problems (PP)
and Odd-Numbered Problems AN-1
Index I-1
