This survey and scientific analysis of J.M.W. Turner's oils and watercolours, combined with documentary research, shows that the artist experimented with new pigments and paint formulations throughout his life, as well as taking an interest in scientific theories of the day related to painting. Turner was largely self-educated, and his painting methods were self-taught too. They were not selected to produce long-lasting works. Today it is difficult to appreciate his ideas, when many paintings have darkened and altered; an understanding of the technical processes used by Turner sheds a new light on his personality. This edition includes an additional chapter on discoveries in Turner's use of materials.