This book explores how culture and citizenship are theorised, promoted and learned throughout schools in Wales. Following a brief history of Welsh education and a discussion of how contemporary cultural identity is theorised through citizenship education curricula, it illustrates how archaicapproaches to understanding cultural identity continue to undermine the development of culturally relevant curriculum in Wales. Smith also analyses how young people discuss their orientations to Welshness, how teachers engage with the requirements of the Curriculum Cymreig and how these reactions develop within educational settings. Ending with a recommendation for amore sophisticated framework for conceptualising identity and a critical approach for discussing citizenship and cultural identity in schools in Wales, this book highlights how the critical pedagogy can progress further.