Introduction
Part I Bridging and LAN Switching
Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics
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Foundation Topics
Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex
RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring
Auto-negotiation, Speed, and Duplex
CSMA/CD
Collision Domains and Switch Buffering
Basic Switch Port Configuration
Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing
Types of Ethernet Addresses
Ethernet Address Formats
Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field
Switching and Bridging Logic
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking
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Foundation Topics
Virtual LANs
VLAN Configuration
Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs
Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs
Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs
Private VLANs
VLAN Trunking Protocol
VTP Process and Revision Numbers
VTP Configuration
Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs
Storing VLAN Configuration
VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q
ISL and 802.1Q Concepts
ISL and 802.1Q Configuration
Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs
Trunk Configuration Compatibility
Configuring Trunking on Routers
802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol
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Foundation Topics
802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol
Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root Ports and Designated Ports
Electing a Root Switch
Determining the Root Port
Determining the Designated Port
Converging to a New STP Topology
Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM
Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks
STP Configuration and Analysis
Optimizing Spanning Tree
PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast
PortFast
UplinkFast
BackboneFast
PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast Configuration
PortChannels
Load Balancing Across PortChannels
PortChannel Discovery and Configuration
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s
Protecting STP
Root Guard and BPDU Guard: Protecting Access Ports
UDLD and Loop Guard: Protecting Trunks
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part II TCP/IP
Chapter 4 IP Addressing
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Foundation Topics
IP Addressing and Subnetting
IP Addressing and Subnetting Review
Subnetting a Classful Network Number
Comments on Classless Addressing
Subnetting Math
Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address
Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses-Binary
Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range
of IP Addresses
Determining All Subnets of a Network-Binary
Determining All Subnets of a Network-Decimal
VLSM Subnet Allocation
Route Summarization Concepts
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Binary
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Decimal
Finding Exclusive Summary Routes-Binary
CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT
Classless Interdomain Routing
Private Addressing
Network Address Translation
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT Without PAT
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation
Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration
IP Version 6
IPv6 Address Formats
Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses
Simple IPv6 Configuration
IPv6 Addressing Summary
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 5 IP Services
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Foundation Topics
ICMP
ICMP Unreachable
Time Exceeded ICMP Message
ICMP Redirect
ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP
ARP and Proxy ARP
RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP
HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP
Network Time Protocol
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 6 TCP/IP Transport and Application Services
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Foundation Topics
TCP and UDP
TCP Connections and Port Numbers
TCP Error Recovery
TCP Dynamic Windowing
TCP Header Miscellany
TCP/IP Applications
Passive and Active Mode FTP
Application Authentication and Privacy
Network Management and SNMP
SNMP Protocol Messages
SNMP MIBs
SNMP Security
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part III IP Routing
Chapter 7 IP Forwarding (Routing)
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Foundation Topics
IP Forwarding
Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding
Building Adjacency Information: ARP and Inverse ARP
Frame Relay Inverse ARP
Static Configuration of Frame Relay Mapping Information
Disabling InARP
Classless and Classful Routing
Multilayer Switching
MLS Logic
Using Routed Ports and PortChannels with MLS
MLS Configuration
Policy Routing
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 8 RIP Version 2
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Foundation Topics
RIP Version 2 Basics
RIP Convergence and Loop Prevention
Converged Steady-State Operation
Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes
RIP Convergence When Routing Updates Cease
Convergence Extras
RIP Configuration
Enabling RIP and the Effects of Autosummarization
RIP Authentication Configuration
RIP Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon
RIP Offset Lists
Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 9 EIGRP
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Foundation Topics
EIGRP Basics and Steady-State Operation
Hellos, Neighbors, and Adjacencies
EIGRP Updates
The EIGRP Topology Table
EIGRP Convergence
Input Events and Local Computation
Going Active on a Route
Stuck-in-Active
Limiting Query Scope
EIGRP Configuration
EIGRP Configuration Example
EIGRP Load Balancing
EIGRP Configuration Options That Are Similar to RIP
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 10 OSPF
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Foundation Topics
OSPF Database Exchange
OSPF Router IDs
Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent
Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process
Flooding LSA Headers to Neighbors
Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs
Designated Routers on LANs
Designated Router Optimization on LANs
DR Election on LANs
Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types
Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks
Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA
SPF Calculation
Steady-State Operation
OSPF Design and LSAs
OSPF Design Terms
LSA Types and Network Types
LSA Types 1 and 2
LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs
LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2
OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types
Stubby Areas
OSPF Configuration
OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process
Alternatives to the OSPF Network Command
OSPF Filtering
Filtering Routes Using the distribute-listCommand
OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering
Filtering Type 3 LSAs with thearea range Command
Virtual Link Configuration
Configuring OSPF Authentication
OSPF Stub Router Configuration
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 11 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, and Default Routing
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Foundation Topics
Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance
Configuring Route Maps with theroute-mapCommand
Route Map matchCommands for Route Redistribution
Route Map setCommands for Route Redistribution
IP Prefix Lists
Administrative Distance
Route Redistribution
The Mechanics of the redistributeCommand
Redistribution Using Default Settings
Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags
Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map
Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags
Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes
Route Summarization
EIGRP Route Summarization
OSPF Route Summarization
RIP Route Summarization
Default Routes
Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static
Using the default-information originateCommand
Using the ip default-networkCommand
Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 12 Fundamental BGP Operations
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Foundation Topics
Building BGP Neighbor Relationships
Internal BGP Neighbors
External BGP Neighbors
Checks Before Becoming BGP Neighbors
BGP Messages and Neighbor States
BGP Message Types
Purposefully Resetting BGP Peer Connections
Building the BGP Table
Injecting Routes/Prefixes into the BGP Table
The BGP network Command
Redistributing from an IGP, Static, or Connected Route
The Impact of Auto-Summary on Redistributed Routes and the networkCommand
Manual Summaries and the AS_PATH Path Attribute
Adding Default Routes to BGP
The ORIGIN Path Attribute
Advertising BGP Routes to Neighbors
The BGP Update Message
Determining the Contents of Updates
Example: Impact of the Decision Process and NEXT_HOP on BGP Updates
Summary of Rules for Routes Advertised in BGP Updates
Building the IP Routing Table
Adding eBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table
Backdoor Routes
Adding iBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table
Using Sync and Redistributing Routes
Disabling Sync and Using BGP on All Routers in an AS
Confederations
Configuring Confederations
Route Reflectors
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 13 BGP Routing Policies
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Foundation Topics
Route Filtering and Route Summarization
Filtering BGP Updates Based on NLRI
Route Map Rules for NLRI Filtering
Soft Reconfiguration
Comparing BGP Prefix Lists, Distribute Lists, and Route Maps
Filtering Subnets of a Summary Using the aggregate-addressCommand
Filtering BGP Updates by Matching the AS_PATH PA
The BGP AS_PATH and AS_PATH Segment Types
Using Regular Expressions to Match AS_PATH
Example: Matching AS_PATHs Using AS_PATH Filters
Matching AS_SET and AS_CONFED_SEQ
BGP Path Attributes and the BGP Decision Process
Generic Terms and Characteristics of BGP PAs
The BGP Decision Process
Clarifications of the BGP Decision Process
Two Final Tiebreaker Steps in the BGP Decision Process
Adding Multiple BGP Routes to the IP Routing Table
Mnemonics for Memorizing the Decision Process
Configuring BGP Policies
Background: BGP PAs and Features Used by Routing Policies
Step 0: NEXT_HOP Reachable
Step 1: Administrative Weight
Step 2: Highest Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF)
Step 3: Choose Between Locally Injected Routes Based on ORIGIN PA
Step 4: Shortest AS_PATH
Removing Private ASNs
AS_PATH Prepending and Route Aggregation
Step 5: Best ORIGIN PA
Step 6: Smallest Multi-Exit Discriminator
Configuring MED: Single Adjacent AS
Configuring MED: Multiple Adjacent Autonomous Systems
The Scope of MED
Step 7: Prefer Neighbor Type eBGP over iBGP
Step 8: Smallest IGP Metric to the NEXT_HOP
The maximum-paths Command and BGP Decision Process Tiebreakers
Step 9: Lowest BGP Router ID of Advertising Router (with One Exception)
Step 10: Lowest Neighbor ID
The BGP maximum-paths Command
BGP Communities
Matching COMMUNITY with Community Lists
Removing COMMUNITY Values
Filtering NLRI Using Special COMMUNITY Values
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part IV Quality of Service
Chapter 14 Classification and Marking
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Foundation Topics
Fields That Can Be Marked for QoS Purposes
IP Precedence and DSCP Compared
DSCP Settings and Terminology
The Class Selector PHB and DSCP Values
The Assured Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values
The Expedited Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values
Non-IP Header Marking Fields
Ethernet LAN Class of Service
WAN Marking Fields
Locations for Marking and Matching
Cisco Modular QoS CLI
The Mechanics of MQC
Classification Using Class Maps
Using Multiple matchCommands
Classification Using NBAR
Classification and Marking Tools
Class-Based Marking (CB Marking) Configuration
CB Marking Example
CB Marking of CoS and DSCP
Network-Based Application Recognition
CB Marking Design Choices
Marking Using Policers
Policy Routing for Marking
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 15 Congestion Management and Avoidance
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Foundation Topics
Cisco Router Queuing Concepts
Software Queues and Hardware Queues
Queuing on Interfaces Versus Subinterfaces and Virtual Circuits
Comparing Queuing Tools
Queuing Tools: FIFO, PQ, CQ, WFQ, CBWFQ, and LLQ
FIFO Queuing
Priority Queuing
Custom Queuing
Weighted Fair Queuing
WFQ Scheduler: The Process
WFQ Drop Policy, Number of Queues, and Queue Lengths
Types of WFQ Queues
WFQ Configuration
Class-Based WFQ and Low-Latency Queuing
CBWFQ Basic Features and Configuration
Defining and Limiting CBWFQ Bandwidth
Low-Latency Queuing
Defining and Limiting LLQ Bandwidth
LLQ with More Than One Priority Queue
Miscellaneous CBWFQ/LLQ Topics
Queuing Summary
Weighted Random Early Detection
How WRED Weights Packets
WRED Configuration
LAN Switch Congestion Management and Avoidance
Cisco 3550 Switch Egress Queuing
Cisco 3550 Congestion Avoidance
Comparisons Between Cisco 3550 and 2950 Switches
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 16 Shaping and Policing
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Foundation Topics
Traffic-Shaping Concepts
Shaping Terminology
Shaping with an Excess Burst
Underlying Mechanics of Shaping
Traffic-Shaping Adaptation on Frame Relay Networks
Class-Based Shaping Configuration
Tuning Shaping for Voice Using LLQ and a Small Tc
Configuring Shaping by Bandwidth Percent
CB Shaping to a Peak Rate
Adaptive Shaping
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Configuration
FRTS Configuration Using the traffic-rateCommand
Setting FRTS Parameters Explicitly
FRTS Configuration Using LLQ
FRTS Adaptive Shaping
Policing Concepts and Configuration
CB Policing Concepts
Single-Rate, Two-Color Policing (One Bucket)
Single-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets)
Two-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets)
Class-Based Policing Configuration
Single-Rate, Three-Color Policing of All Traffic
Policing a Subset of the Traffic
CB Policing Defaults for Bc and Be
Configuring Dual-Rate Policing
Multi-Action Policing
Policing by Percentage
Committed Access Rate
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part V WAN
Chapter 17 Synchronous Serial Links and Protocols
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Foundation Topics
Synchronous Serial Links
T1 Framing and Encoding
T1 Alarms
Carrier Detect and Interface Resets
Point-to-Point Protocol
PPP Link Control Protocol
Basic LCP/PPP Configuration
Multilink PPP
MLP Link Fragmentation and Interleaving
PPP Compression
PPP Layer 2 Payload Compression
Header Compression
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 18 Frame Relay
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Foundation Topics
Frame Relay Concepts
Frame Relay Data Link Connection Identifiers
Local Management Interface
Frame Relay Headers and Encapsulation
Frame Relay Congestion: DE, BECN, and FECN
Adaptive Shaping, FECN, and BECN
The Discard Eligibility Bit
Frame Relay Configuration
Frame Relay Configuration Basics
Frame Relay Payload Compression
Frame Relay Fragmentation
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part VI IP Multicast
Chapter 19 Introduction to IP Multicasting
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Foundation Topics
Why Do You Need Multicasting?
Problems with Unicast and Broadcast Methods
How Multicasting Provides a Scalable and Manageable Solution
Multicast IP Addresses
Multicast Address Range and Structure
Well-Known Multicast Addresses
Multicast Addresses for Permanent Groups
Multicast Addresses for Source-Specific Multicast Applications and Protocols
Multicast Addresses for GLOP Addressing
Multicast Addresses for Private Multicast Domains
Multicast Addresses for Transient Groups
Summary of Multicast Address Ranges
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses
Managing Distribution of Multicast Traffic with IGMP
Joining a Group
Internet Group Management Protocol
IGMP Version 1
IGMPv1 Host Membership Query Functions
IGMPv1 Host Membership Report Functions
IGMPv1 Leave Mechanism
IGMPv1 Querier
IGMP Version 2
IGMPv2 Leave Group and Group-Specific Query Messages
IGMPv2 Querier
IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 Interoperability
IGMPv2 Host and IGMPv1 Routers
IGMPv1 Host and IGMPv2 Routers
IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 Routers
Timers Used in IGMPv1 and IGMPv2
IGMP Version 3
Comparison of IGMPv1, IGMPv2, and IGMPv3
Multicast Listener Discovery Protocol
LAN Multicast Optimizations
Cisco Group Management Protocol
IGMP Snooping
Router-Port Group Management Protocol
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
References in This Chapter
Chapter 20 IP Multicast Routing
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Foundation Topics
Multicast Routing Basics
Overview of Multicast Routing Protocols
Multicast Forwarding Using Dense Mode
Reverse-Path-Forwarding Check
Multicast Forwarding Using Sparse Mode
Multicast Scoping
TTL Scoping
Administrative Scoping
Dense-Mode Routing Protocols
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode
Forming PIM Adjacencies Using PIM Hello Messages
Source-Based Distribution Trees
Prune Message
PIM-DM: Reacting to a Failed Link
Rules for Pruning
Steady-State Operation and the State Refresh Message
Graft Message
LAN-Specific Issues with PIM-DM and PIM-SM
Prune Override
Assert Message
Designated Router
Summary of PIM-DM Messages
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
Multicast Open Shortest Path First
Sparse-Mode Routing Protocols
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode
Similarities Between PIM-DM and PIM-SM
Sources Sending Packets to the Rendezvous Point
Joining the Shared Tree
Completion of the Source Registration Process
Shared Distribution Tree
Steady-State Operation by Continuing to Send Joins
Examining the RP's Multicast Routing Table
Shortest-Path Tree Switchover
Pruning from the Shared Tree
Dynamically Finding RPs and Using Redundant RPs
Dynamically Finding the RP Using Auto-RP
Dynamically Finding the RP Using BSR
Anycast RP with MSDP
Summary: Finding the RP
Bidirectional PIM
Comparison of PIM-DM and PIM-SM
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part VII Security
Chapter 21 Security
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Foundation Topics
Router and Switch Device Security
Simple Password Protection for the CLI
Better Protection of Enable and Username Passwords
User Mode and Privileged Mode AAA Authentication
Using a Default Set of Authentication Methods
Using Multiple Authentication Methods
Groups of AAA Servers
Overriding the Defaults for Login Security
PPP Security
Layer 2 Security
Switch Security Best Practices for Unused and User Ports
Port Security
Dynamic ARP Inspection
DHCP Snooping
IP Source Guard
802.1X Authentication Using EAP
General Layer 2 Security Recommendations
Layer 3 Security
IP Access Control List Review
ACL Rule Summary
Wildcard Masks
General Layer 3 Security Considerations
Smurf Attacks, Directed Broadcasts, and RPF Checks
Inappropriate IP Addresses
TCP SYN Flood, the Established Bit, and TCP Intercept
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part VIII Enterprise Wireless Mobility
Chapter 22 IEEE 802.11 Fundamentals
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Foundation Topics
802.11 Physical Layer Standards
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
Comparison of 802.11 Standards
Wireless System Configuration
Infrastructure Mode Configuration
Ad Hoc Mode Configuration
Wireless Hardware Components
Radio Cards
Access Points
Antennas
Repeaters
Bridges
Routers
Radio Frequency Peripherals
Infrastructure Mode Operation
Scanning
Passive Scanning
Active Scanning
Connecting with a Network
Data Transfer
Roaming
Ad Hoc Mode Operation
Wireless Configuration Parameters
SSID
RF Channels
Transmit Power
Data Rates
Power-Save Mode
RTS/CTS
Fragmentation
RTS/CTS and Fragmentation Summary
Wireless Medium Access
Wireless Security
WEP
TKIP
AES
WPA
Open System Authentication
Shared Key Authentication
Virtual Private Networks
Comparing Wireless Security
RF Signal Concepts
Modulation
RF Signal Characteristics
Gain
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Spread Spectrum
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
FCC Rules
RF Interference
Multipath
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
Definitions
Further Reading
Chapter 23 Wireless LAN Solutions
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Foundation Topics
Cisco Structured Wireless-Aware Network
Wireless Domain Services
Intrusion Detection System
Cisco SWAN Hardware
Cisco Wireless LAN Hardware
CiscoWorks Wireless LAN Solution Engine
Automatic Access Point Configuration
Assisted Site Surveys
Centralized Firmware Updates
Dynamic Grouping
VLAN Configuration
Multiple Service Set Identifier Support
Customizable Thresholds
Fault Status
Intrusion Detection System
Security Policy Monitoring
Secure User Interface
Air/RF Scanning and Monitoring
Self-Healing Functions
Reporting, Trending, Planning, and Troubleshooting
Applying Wireless LANs in Enterprises
Enterprise Security
Voice Services
Public Wireless LANs
Small Office and Home Wireless LANs
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Further Reading
Part IX OSI and Cisco Device Basics
Chapter 24 Miscellaneous Networking Theory and Practices
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Foundation Topics
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
OSI Layers
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits
OSI Terminology
OSI Layer Interactions
Router Operation Miscellany
Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequences and the Configuration Register
The Configuration Register
The boot system Command
CLI Help Features
Foundation Summary
Memory Builders
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Definitions
Part X Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to the Do I Know This Already? Quizzes
Appendix B CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Updates: Version 1.0
Appendix C MPLS
Appendix D Decimal to Binary Conversion Table
Glossary
Index
