SECTION I. INTRODUCTION1. The General & Cellular Basis of Medical PhysiologyIntroductionGeneral PrinciplesFunctional Morphology of the CellStructure & Function of DNA & RNATransport Across Cell MembranesThe Capillary WallIntercellular CommunicationHomeostasisAgingSection I ReferencesSECTION II. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE & MUSCLE CELLS2. Excitable Tissue: NerveIntroductionNerve CellsExcitation & ConductionIonic Basis of Excitation & ConductionProperties of Mixed NervesNerve Fiber Types & FunctionNeurotrophinsNeuroglia3. Excitable Tissue: MuscleIntroductionSkeletal MuscleMorphologyElectrical Phenomena & Ionic FluxesContractile ResponsesEnergy Sources & MetabolismProperties of Skeletal Muscles in the Intact OrganismCardiac MuscleMorphologyElectrical PropertiesMechanical PropertiesMetabolismPacemaker TissueSmooth MuscleMorphologyVisceral Smooth MuscleMulti-Unit Smooth Muscle4. Synaptic & Junctional TransmissionIntroductionSynaptic TransmissionFunctional AnatomyElectrical Events in Postsynaptic NeuronsInhibition & Facilitation at SynapsesChemical Transmission of Synaptic ActivityPrincipal Neurotransmitter SystemsSynpatic Plasticity & Learning Neuromuscular TransmissionNeuromuscular JunctionNerve Endings in Smooth & Cardiac MuscleDenervation Hypersensitivity5. Initiation of Impulses in Sense OrgansIntroductionSense Organs & ReceptorsThe SensesGeneration of Impulses in Different NervesCoding of Sensory InformationSection II ReferencesSection III. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM6. ReflexesIntroductionMonosynaptic Reflexes: The Stretch ReflexPolysynaptic Reflexes: The Withdrawal ReflexGeneral Properties of Reflexes7. Cutaneous, Deep, & Visceral SensationIntroductionPathwaysTouchProprioceptionTemperaturePainOther Sensations8. VisionIntroductionAnatomic ConsiderationsThe Image-Forming MechanismThe Photoreceptor MechanismResponses in the Visual Pathways & CortexColor VisionOther Aspects of Visual FunctionEye Movements9. Hearing & EqilibriumIntroductionAnatomic ConsiderationsHair CellsHearingVestibular Function10. Smell & TasteIntroductionSmellTasteReceptor Organs & Pathways11. Alert Behavior, Sleep, & the Electrical Activity of the BrainIntroductionThe Thalamus & the Cerebral CortexThe Reticular Formation & the Reticular Activating SystemEvoked Cortical PotentialsThe ElectroencephalogramPhysiologic Basis of the EEG, Consciousness, & Sleep12. Control of Posture & MovementIntroductionGeneral PrinciplesCorticospinal & Corticobulbar SystemAnatomy & FunctionPosture-Regulating SystemsSpinal IntegrationMedullary ComponentsMidbrain ComponentsCoritcal ComponentsBasal GangliaCerebellum13. The Autonomic Nervous SystemIntroductionAnatomic Organization of Autonomic OutflowChemical Transmission at Autonomic JunctionsResponses of Effector Organs to Autonomic Nerve Impulses14. Central Regulation of Visceral FunctionIntroductionMedulla OblongataHypothalamus Anatomic ConsiderationsHypothalamic FunctionRelation to Autonomic FunctionRelation to SleepRelation to Cyclic PhenomenaHungerControl of Posterior Pituitary SecretionControl of Anterior Pituitary SecretionTemperature Regulation15. Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior & EmotionsIntroduction Anatomic Considerations Limbic Functions Sexual Behavior Other EmotionsMotivation & Addiction Brain Chemistry & Behavior 16. Higher Functions of the Nervous System: Conditioned Reflexes, Learning, & Related PhenomenaIntroductionMethodsLearning & MemoryFunctions of the NeocortexSection III ReferencesSECTION IV. ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM, & REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION17. Energy Balance, Metabolism, & NutritionIntroductionEnergy MetabolismIntermediary Metabolism Carbohydrate MetabolismProtein MetabolismFat MetabolismNutrition18. The Thyroid GlandIntroductionAnatomic ConsiderationsFormation & Secretion of Thyroid HormonesTransport & Metabolism of Thyroid HormonesEffects of Thyroid HormonesRegulation of Thyroid SecretionClinical Correlates19. Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas & Regulation of Carbohydrate MetabolismIntroductionIslet Cell StructureStructure, Biosynthesis, & Secretion of InsulinFate of Secreted InsulinEffects of InsulinMechanism of ActionConsequences of Insulin DeficiencyInsulin ExcessRegulation of Insulin SecretionGlucagonOther Islet Cell HormonesEffects of Other Hormones & Exercise on Carbohydrate MetabolismHypoglycemia & Diabetes Mellitus in Humans20. The Adrenal Medulla & Adrenal CortexIntroductionAdrenal MorphologyAdrenal MedullaStructure & Function of Medullary HormonesRegulation of Adrenal Medullary SecretionAdrenal CortexStructure & Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical HormonesTransport, Metabolism, & Excretion of Adrenocortical HormonesEffects of Adrenal Androgens & EstrogensPhysiologic Effects of GlucocorticoidsPharmacologic & Pathologic Effects of GlucocorticoidsRegulation of Glucocorticoid SecretionEffects of MineralocorticoidsRegulation of Aldosterone SecretionRole of Mineralocorticoids in the Regulation of Salt BalanceSummary of the Effects of Adrenocortical Hyper- & Hypofunction in Humans21. Hormonal Control of Calcium Metabolism & the Physiology of BoneIntroductionCalcium & Phosphorus MetabolismBone PhysiologyVitamin D & the HydroxycholecalciferolsThe Parathyroid GlandsCalcitoninEffects of Other Hormones & Humoral Agents on Calcium Metabolism22. The Pituitary GlandIntroductionMorphologyIntermediate-Lobe HormonesGrowth HormonePhysiology of GrowthPituitary InsufficiencyPituitary Hyperfunction in Humans23. The Gonads: Development & Function of the Reproductive SystemIntroductionSex Differentiation & DevelopmentChromosomal SexEmbryology of the Human Reproductive SystemAberrant Sexual DifferentiationPubertyPrecocious & Delayed PubertyMenopausePituitary Gonadotropins & ProlactinThe Male Reproductive System StructureGametogenesis & EjaculationEndocrine Function of the TestesControl of Testicular FunctionAbnormalities of Testicular FunctionThe Female Reproductive SystemThe Menstrual CycleOvarian HormonesControl of Ovarian FunctionAbnormalities of Ovarian FunctionPregnancyLactation24. Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys, Heart, and Pineal GlandIntroductionThe Renin-Angiotensin SystemErythropoietinHormones of the Heart & Other Natriuretic FactorsPineal GlandSection IV ReferencesSECTION V. GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION25. Digestion & AbsorptionIntroductionCarbohydratesProteins & Nucleic AcidsLipidsAbsorption of Water & ElectrolytesAbsorption of Vitamins & Minerals 26. Regulation of Gastrointestinal FunctionIntroductionGeneral ConsiderationsGastrointestinal HormonesMouth & EsophagusStomachExocrine Portion of the PancreasLiver & Biliary SystemSmall IntestineColonSection V References SECTION VI. CIRCULATION27. Circulating Body FluidsIntroductionBloodBone MarrowWhite Blood CellsImmunityPlateletsRed Blood CellsBlood TypesPlasmaHemostasisLymph28. Origin of the Heartbeat & the Electrical Activity of the HeartIntroductionOrigin & Spread of Cardiac ExcitationThe ElectrocardiogramCardiac ArrhythmiasElectrocardiographic Findings in Other Cardiac & Systemic Diseases29. The Heart as a PumpIntroductionMechanical Events of the Cardiac CycleCardiac Output 30. Dynamics of Blood & Lymph FlowIntroductionFunctional MorphologyBiophysical ConsiderationsArterial & Arteriolar CirculationCapillary CirculationLymphatic Circulation & Intestinal Fluid VolumeVenous Circulation31. Cardiovascular Regulatory MechanismsIntroductionLocal RegulationSubstances Secreted by the EndotheliumSystemic Regulation by HormonesSystemic Regulation by the Nervous System32. Circulation Through Special RegionsIntroductionCerebral CirculationAnatomic ConsiderationsCerebrospinal FluidThe Blood-Brain BarrierCerebral Blood Flow & Its RegulationBrain Metabolism & Oxygen RequirementsCoronary CirculationSplanchnic CirculationCutaneous CirculationPlacental & Fetal Circulation33. Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Health & DiseaseIntroductionCompensation for Gravitational EffectsExerciseInflammation & Wound HealingShockHypertensionHeart FailureSection VI ReferencesSECTION VII. RESPIRATION34. Pulmonary FunctionIntroductionProperties of GasesAnatomy of the LungsMechanics of RespirationGas Exchange in the LungsPulmonary CirculationOther Functions of the Respiratory System35. Gas Transport Between the Lungs & the TissuesIntroductionOxygen TransportCarbod Dioxide Transport 36. Regulation of RespirationIntroductionNeural Control of BreathingRegulation of Respiratory ActivityChemical Control of BreathingNonchemical Influences on Respiration37. Respiratory Adjustments in Health & DiseaseIntroductionEffects of ExerciseHypoxiaHypoxic HypoxiaOther Forms of HypoxiaOxygen TreatmentHypercapnia & HypocapniaOther Respiratory AbnormalitiesDiseases Affecting the Pulmonary CirculationEffects of Increased Barometric PressureArtificial RespirationSection VII ReferencesSECTION VIII. FORMATION & EXCRETION OF URINE38. Renal Function & MicturitionIntroductionFunctional AnatomyRenal CirculationGlomerular FiltrationTubular FunctionWater ExcretionAcidification of the Urine & Bicarbonate ExcretionRegulation of NA+ & Cl- ExcretionRegulation of K+ ExcretionDiureticsEffects of Disordered Renal FunctionFilling of the BladderEmptying of the Bladder39. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition & VolumeIntroductionDefense of TonicityDefense of VolumeDefense of Specific Ionic CompositionDefense of H+ ConcentrationSection VIII ReferencesSelf-Study: Objectives, Essay Questions, & Multiple-Choice QuestionsAnswers to Quantitative & Multiple-Choice QuestionsAppendixIndex
